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WHALES AHOY
Whales closer to us than thought, say scientists

'Miracle' whale defies Danish doom-mongers
Copenhagen (AFP) June 18, 2010 - A young whale stranded for three days on the edge of a Danish fjord suddenly began swimming again Friday, astounding rescuers and experts who had predicted it was on the edge of death. "It's fantastic, a miracle," witness Lisbeth Blumenkranz told AFP after the fin whale started moving. "I saw it at around 6:20 pm (1720 GMT) breathing, moving and swimming. Everyone thought it was dying, but it's alive." Thousands of people had flocked to see the distressed whale at the Vejle fjord in western Denmark as rescuers made repeated attempts since Wednesday morning to help it return to the water at high tide. Police spokesman Joergen Jacobsen confirmed that the giant mammal -- believed to be three or four years old and weighing 20 to 30 tonnes -- had regained its strength and started moving again. Fin whales are the second largest living animal after the blue whale, according to the environmental charity WWF. They are listed as endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Helped by the tide, the 15-metre (yard) long whale began swimming, but "towards the back of the fjord and not towards the high sea," he said. Fireman tried unsuccessfully to turn the whale back towards the open sea, and late in the evening it was located near the port of Vejle in 1.1 metres of water at low tide. "The only chance it has left is with the currents, if it seeks to get out of the fjord and if it still capable of doing that," said Peter Buelow of the Danish Forest and Nature agency. Just hours earlier, rescuers had said they had decided to allow the whale to "die naturally and in peace" and firefighters were spraying it with water to protect it from the sun in what were assumed to be its last moments. The whale became stranded at low tide on Wednesday on a bank several metres long, and became exhausted after struggling to free itself. Experts who saw the whale earlier Friday said it was ill and that there was "almost no chance" of it surviving, said Henrik Lykke Soerensen, operations coordinator at the Danish Forest and Nature agency, part of the environment ministry. "We do not have experience in putting down such large sea mammals and even if one tried it could take hours without any guarantee of success according to the experts," added Soerensen.

Whale expert Tyge Jensen, in agreement with other biologists, said he believed that the whale was "ill and out of instinct left the school (of whales) in order to die alone." The Nordic spokesman for the World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) contrasted Danish people's response to the whale's plight to Denmark's policy on whaling. "Everyone wants to save the whale of the Vejle fjord but no one can. Everyone can save the thousands of whales brutally killed each year but no one wants to," said Morten Rasmussen. Denmark was set to back whaling nations at a meeting of the International Whaling Commission being held in Morocco from Monday, he added. Fin whales, also known as rorquals, are streamlined in appearance with a distinct ridge along the back behind the dorsal fin, according to the WWF. Their typical life span is around 85 to 90 years and the total population in the North Atlantic probably exceeds 46,000, it added. The phenomenon of whale strandings and the causes remain the subject of scientific debate.
by Staff Writers
Paris (AFP) June 20, 2010
As the future of whales once more comes under global debate, some scientists say the marine mammals are not only smarter than thought but also share several attributes once claimed as exclusively human.

Self-awareness, suffering and a social culture along with high mental abilities are a hallmark of cetaceans, an order grouping more than 80 whales, dolphins and porpoises, say marine biologists.

If so, the notion that whales are intelligent and sentient beings threatens to demolish, like an explosive harpoon, the assumption that they are simply an animal commodity to be harvested from the sea.

That belief lies at the heart of talks unfolding at the International Whaling Commission (IWC), meeting from Monday to Friday in Agadir, Morocco.

A fiercely-contested proposal would authorise whale hunts by Japan, Norway and Iceland for 10 more years, ending a 24-year spell in which these nations -- tarred as outlaws by a well-organised green campaign -- have snubbed or sidelined the IWC's moratorium on whaling.

"We now know from field studies that a lot of the large whales exhibit some of the most complex behaviour in the animal kingdom," said Lori Marino, a neurobiologist at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia.

A decade ago, Marino conducted an experiment with bottlenose dolphins in which she placed a small mark on their body and had the mammals look at themselves in a mirror.

By the way the dolphins reacted to the image and then looked at the spot, it was clear that they had a sense of self-identity, Marino determined.

For Georges Chapouthier, a neurobiologist and director of the Emotion Centre at Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris, self-awareness means that dolphin and whales, along with some higher primates, can experience not just pain but also suffering.

Unlike nociception -- a basic nerve response to harmful stimuli found in all animals -- or lower-order pain, "suffering supposes a certain level of cognitive functioning," he said in an interview.

"It is difficult to define what that level is, but there's a lot of data now to suggest some higher mammals have it, including great apes, dolphins and, most likely, whales."

As for intelligence, cetaceans are second only to humans in brain size, once body weight is taken into account.

More telling than volume, though, are cerebral areas which specialise in cognition and emotional processing -- and the likelihood that this evolution was partly driven by social interaction, according to several peer-reviewed studies.

Some scientists suggest this interaction can best described as culture, a notion usually reserved for homo sapiens.

"Evidence is growing that for at least some cetacean species, culture is both sophisticated and important," said Hal Whitehead, a professor at Dalhousie University in Halifax, in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

If culture is learned behaviour passed on across generations that is different from one community to the next, then humpback whales, to cite one example, are rather cultured indeed.

"At any time during the winter breeding season, all the males in any ocean sing more or less the same elaborate song, but this communal song evolves over months and years," Whitehead and colleagues noted in a study in the journal Biological Conservation.

Scientists have also observed orcas, or killer whales, learning from other orcas from a geographically separate group how to steal fish from so-called longlines used by commercial fishing boats.

Two orca communities that rarely intermingle despite sharing the same waters off the coast of Vancouver Island, meanwhile, have learned to divide their natural bounty: and one group eats fish and the other mammals, especially seals, Whitehead reported.

Such findings are disturbing factors in the calculus of conservation.

"If we wipe out a sub-group, it is more than killing a certain number of individuals. It could actually wipe out an entire culture," Marino said.

At a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in February, scientists concluded that new data on cognition and culture among whales should be the guideline for international wildlife policy.

To date that hasn't happened in any international forum, including the IWC, said Margi Prideaux, head of cetacean conservation at the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society.

"Aside from a narrow focus on killing methods -- what type of harpoon grenade, for example, is most humane -- ethics or the status of whales as sentient beings do not figure in talks at the IWC," she said.



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WHALES AHOY
Future of whaling in the balance at global meet
Paris (AFP) June 19, 2010
Pro- and anti-whaling nations face off next week in a battle over the 24-year-old ban on the commercial killing of whales. Gathering in Agadir, Morocco, the 88 countries of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) will tussle over controversial changes to a moratorium that has become an icon of green activism since 1986. "This is an absolutely critical meeting for the IWC, with an oppo ... read more







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