The past 12 months have been "exceptional both in terms of accumulation and melt" for Swiss glaciers, a Glacier Monitoring in Switzerland (GLAMOS) study showed Tuesday.

In the end, the glacier melt, which scientists say is being accelerated by human-induced climate change, was less dramatic this year than over the previous two years, when Swiss glaciers lost more than 10 percent of their volume -- a record.

When disregarding 2022, when 5.9 percent of ice volume in the Swiss Alps was lost, and 2023, when another 4.4 percent melted away, the annual volume loss in recent decades has fluctuated between one and three percent.

The 2.4 percent glacier shrinkage this year was well above the 1.9-percent annual average between 2010 and 2020.

It amounted to a "massive loss of ice again", GLAMOS head Matthias Huss told AFP.

The glaciers, he warned, "are retreating faster and faster", and "are on track to disappear".

"They will only be there in 100 years if we manage to stabilise the climate."

- 'Not surprised' -

GLAMOS researchers did extensive measurements at 20 glaciers in September, and extrapolated the findings to Switzerland's 1,400 glaciers.

It determined that Swiss glacier volume will total 46.4 cubic kilometres at the end of this year -- nearly 30 km3 less than in 2000.

The ice loss in 2024 was especially "considerable ... given the strongly above-average snow coverage at the end of winter", the study said.

Up until June, Swiss glaciers benefitted from winter snowfall 30 percent above average and a rainy start to the summer.

"I hoped for a better result for 2024, especially after this snow-rich winter and the good situation we had into June," Huss said.

Now, he said he was "disappointed", but "not too surprised".

"We are living in a time with rapid climate change, and glaciers are just not able to keep up with the speed the climate is warming," he said.

"Under the present climate situation ... it's not possible to stabilise glaciers, even with an optimal winter."

The study said "very high" temperatures in July and August, coupled with a lack of fresh high-altitude snowfall helped drive "the significant glacier mass losses".

August was particularly hot, and that month actually saw record-high glacier mass losses, GLAMOS said.

The third crucial factor, the report said, was the fact that winds during the winter and spring 2024 repeatedly brought "substantial amounts of Saharan dust into the Alps".

The contaminated snow absorbed more heat and melted faster, more quickly depriving the glaciers of their protective snow coating.

While GLAMOS researchers have yet to quantify the net effect of the Saharan dust on the 2024 ice loss, the study said "an increase in melt rates of 10-20 percent compared to normal conditions appears plausible".

- Shifting border -

The glacier melt is having far-reaching impacts.

Switzerland and Italy have adjusted their mountain border under the Matterhorn peak after the glaciers that historically marked the frontier receded.

And with less ice, far less melt water is reaching downstream areas in the summer when it is needed, GLAMOS pointed out.

This it warned could "pose important challenges for the future management of water resources... especially during drought periods".

Huss stressed the urgent need to rein in climate change.

The United Nations has warned that the world remains far off track to meet the 2015 Paris climate accord goals, aiming to keep global temperature rises below 1.5 Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

But Huss fears that with the world wracked by multiple conflicts and crises, decision-makers are not giving climate action appropriate attention.

The glaciers, he said, "are just illustrating every year again that there is an urgent need to act now -- and not in one or two or three decades".