More than 500 scientists from over 60 nations contributed to the Global Amphibian Assessment, the key findings of which were published on-line by Science Express this afternoon, and will appear within the next few weeks in the journal Science.

Over the past three years, scientists analyzed the distribution and conservation status of all 5,743 known amphibian species � which include frogs and toads, salamanders, and caecilians. Of these, 1,856 � or 32 percent � are now considered threatened with extinction. In addition, sufficient data are lacking to accurately assess the status of nearly 1,300 other species, most of which scientists believe are also threatened.

Amphibians are widely regarded as "canaries in the coal mine," since their highly permeable skin is more immediately sensitive to changes in the environment, including changes to freshwater and air quality.

"Amphibians are one of nature's best indicators of overall environmental health," said Russell A. Mittermeier, president of Conservation International (CI). "Their catastrophic decline serves as a warning that we are in a period of significant environmental degradation."

Key findings of the study include:

According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, at least 1,856 amphibian species are threatened with extinction, representing 32 percent of all species. By comparison, only 12 percent of all bird species and 23 percent of all mammal species are threatened.

At least nine species have gone extinct since 1980, when the most dramatic declines began. Another 113 species have not been reported from the wild in recent years and are considered to be possibly extinct.

Colombia has 208 threatened amphibian species � the most in the world � followed by Mexico with 191, Ecuador with 163, Brazil with 110, and China with 86. Haiti has the highest percentage of threatened amphibians, with 92 percent of its species at risk of extinction. "After birds and mammals, amphibians are the third group of species to be completely evaluated on a global scale.

This study significantly expands our current knowledge and provides a baseline from which we can monitor our impact on the environment over time," said Achim Steiner, Director General of IUCN-The World Conservation Union. "The fact that one third of amphibians are in a precipitous decline tells us that we are rapidly moving towards a potentially epidemic number of extinctions."

In the Americas, the Caribbean and Australia, a highly infectious disease called chytridiomycosis has hit amphibians especially hard. New research is showing that in some regions, outbreaks of the disease may be linked to drought years, which scientists are increasingly attributing to the effects of climate change.

But in most parts of the world � including Europe, Asia and Africa � chytridiomycosis is currently less of a problem. Other threats, such as habitat destruction, air and water pollution and consumer demand are leading causes of amphibian decline.

Still, scientists are confident that an immediate commitment of resources and effort could reverse many of the present negative trends. Creating new protected areas, captive breeding programs, better community engagement and protection of freshwater systems would enhance amphibians' chances of survival.

"Since most amphibians depend on freshwater and feel the effects of pollution before many other forms of life, including humans, their rapid decline tells us that one of Earth's most critical life support systems is breaking down," said Simon Stuart, Senior Director of the IUCN/CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, and leader of this research.

"We already knew amphibians were in trouble, but this assessment removes any doubt about the scale of the problem," said Bruce Young, a zoologist with the conservation group NatureServe. "Now we need greater protection of natural areas and accelerated research on amphibian diseases to stem the extinction tide."

Scientists from CI, IUCN, and NatureServe collaborated on the Global Amphibian Assessment. They analyzed data contributed by more than 500 of the world's leading amphibian specialists, and assessed each species for its level of threat, determined the distribution of each species, and gathered other essential ecological information.

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