As China and the United States -- the world's top two economies -- battle over trade, Beijing has increasingly turned to Brazil to fill the void, pouring money into a diversified portfolio of investments.

Before 2010, Chinese funds flowing into Brazil were primarily focused on assuring food and energy supplies for the Asian giant.

But in recent years, that strategy has expanded to include the telecommunications, automotive, renewable energy and the financial services sectors.

And with China now embroiled in an escalating trade war with Washington, Beijing has even more incentive to move closer to Brazil and its other partners in the BRICS group of emerging economies -- Russia, India, and South Africa.

Investment is likely to be high on the agenda when the group opens its summit on Wednesday in Johannesburg.

China is Brazil's biggest trading partner. From 2003 to June this year, Chinese firms have invested almost $54 billion in around 100 projects in Brazil, according to figures from Brazil's planning ministry.

In 2017 alone, the figure nearly hit $11 billion.

That is good news for Brazil -- Latin America's biggest economy has emerged slowly, with a high and rising public debt, from its worst recession in history, which extended through 2015 and 2016.

"China can play a very important role to help the Brazilian economy recover from stagnation," said Luiz Augusto de Castro Neves, president of the China-Brazil Business Council.

- Ride-hailing, banking, agribusiness -

From 2005 through 2017, Brazil has been the recipient of 55 percent of all investments made by Chinese businesses in Latin America, according to the UN Economic Commission for Latin American and the Caribbean (CEPAL).

And that money is going to an ever-wider selection of industries.

One of the most emblematic examples of that diversification was the announcement in January that Chinese ride-hailing giant Didi Chuxing would pay $297 million for Brazilian taxi app 99.

China also broke into Brazil's banking sector "to invest even more heavily by assuring its own financing," explained Lia Valls, of the Brazilian Institute of Economics at the Getulio Vargas Foundation.

In March, China Communications Construction Company (CCCC) started work on the port of Sao Luis, in the country's northeast, with 70 percent financing by state-owned Industrial and Commercial Bank of China.

Despite its economic challenges, Brazil maintains a favorable trade balance with China, thanks to record surpluses (it exceeded $20 billion in 2017).

Brazilian exports to China, which were two percent of the total in 2000, have climbed over nearly two decades to reach 26 percent in the first quarter of 2018, according to official figures.

Some analysts nevertheless point to a strong imbalance in trade, since raw materials including iron and soybeans make up 86 percent of exports.

But Castro Neves says the agro-food sector is increasingly a "value-added" one.

"These days, the production of soybeans uses more and more high technology and stimulates other activities," he said.

- Long-term strategy? -

China's presence in Brazil -- as elsewhere in the world -- has sparked numerous concerns, including about respect for workers' rights and environmental standards.

"It's not a Chinese problem -- it's a Brazilian one," counters Castro Neves.

"Have we ever had clear, simple, attractive standards respected by all?"

Castro Neves says he regrets the lack of a broader Brazilian strategy to benefit from this massive influx of capital.

"Latin American countries, including Brazil, have a passive attitude towards China," he explained.

"The Chinese know exactly what they want from us. But do we know what we are looking for from them, other than selling more?"

With its massive "Belt and Road" initiative, China is developing infrastructure in a modern revival of the ancient Silk Road global trading routes, while its "Made in China 2025" initiative focuses on high-tech industrial development.

For Latin America, Chinese President Xi Jinping is eyeing a model based on trade, investment and finance, with six priority sectors: infrastructure, IT, culture, industry, energy and scientific innovation.

Beijing also wants to intensify coordination with its BRICS partners in response to "challenges posed by the changing policies of certain developed countries," assistant foreign minister Zhang Jun said this month -- a reference to US President Donald Trump's imposition of stiff tariffs on Chinese goods.

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