The magnitude 4.9 quake occurred just after 5:00 am (0900 GMT) around 5.5 miles (9 kilometers) off the coast of the isolated Grand'Anse department, some 185 miles west of Port-au-Prince, according to the US Geological Survey.
The Haitian Red Cross said emergency workers were looking for people who may still be trapped under the ruins.
"Efforts continue to find survivors," the group said.
The majority of victims lived in the poor neighborhood of Sainte Helene, in the town of Jeremie, where an AFP photographer saw a number of cracked houses.
Three of the dead "are members of the same family and were killed when their house collapsed," Christine Monquele, head of Civil Protection in Grand'Anse, told AFP.
"I don't know what to do," said Katiana Pierre, a 19-year-old who lost her husband and little sister in the quake.
- 'I lost everything' -
At least 36 people were reported injured.
"We were able to administer first aid to the victims," said Soitmil Lorreus, head of emergency services at the Saint-Antoine public hospital. Some patients were airlifted to the capital, and Lorreus said the hospital expected to receive more patients from the countryside.
One man, speaking from his hospital bed in a video shared by local news outlet JCOM Haiti, recalled how his neighbors and wife helped him save his two children.
But his wife didn't make it out alive.
"At dawn, I heard a deafening noise," he said. "My wife, with a start, asked me to fetch the children from their room. With the help of neighbors, I was able to save the two children, but unfortunately my wife died.
"The house was completely destroyed. I lost everything."
Stephane Dujarric, spokesman for United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, said in New York that the world body was "deeply saddened by the loss of life, destruction of property and suffering of the Haitian people caused by the earthquake."
The quake comes just days after heavy storms battered Haiti -- the poorest nation in the Western hemisphere -- leaving at least 51 people dead and 18 missing, according to a Civil Protection services toll quoted by the United Nations on Tuesday.
The Caribbean nation is regularly hit by destructive earthquakes.
"The UN stands ready to work with the Haitian authorities and other partners to help ease the suffering of those in need as it relates to the earthquake and of course, the other natural disaster which is the flooding and landslides we've seen in the past few days," Dujarric said.
He added that the World Food Program is prepared to distribute some 350,000 meals and other food assistance to those in need.
But he said that relief efforts are hampered by insecurity and damage to roads, an apparent reference to the country's swirling gang violence.
In 2010 a massive 7.0 quake killed more than 200,000 people in Haiti, turning the capital Port-au-Prince into ruins and making 1.5 million people homeless.
In August 2021 the southwest peninsula was ravaged by an even stronger, 7.2 magnitude quake that killed more than 2,200 people and destroyed 130,000 homes.
At least 42 dead in Haiti floods, landslides
Port-Au-Prince (AFP) June 5, 2023 -
At least 42 people were dead and 11 missing in Haiti after heavy rains at the weekend triggered flooding and landslides, civil protection officials said Monday.
The bad weather hit seven of the 10 departments in the country which is already plunged into a protracted humanitarian crisis fueled by gang violence, political collapse and economic stagnation.
According to the UN, the severe rains affected 37,000 people and displaced 13,400.
The town of Leogane, located 40 kilometers (25 miles) southwest of the capital Port-au-Prince, was particularly badly hit, with damage caused by three flooded rivers.
At least 20 people died there, according to Haitian officials.
"The residents are desperate. They have lost everything. The waters have ravaged their fields, washed away their livestock," Leogane Mayor Ernson Henry told AFP.
Thousands of families were affected in the town, he said, stressing that the population urgently needed food, drinking water and medicine.
The floods caused extensive material damage across the country, destroying hundreds of homes and damaging several roads.
"Although it is not a hurricane or a tropical storm, the damage observed in the affected areas is considerable," said Jean-Martin Bauer, UN coordinator of humanitarian action in Haiti.
Prime Minister Ariel Henry activated the National Emergency Operation Center in response.
The heavy toll highlights the country's vulnerability to natural disasters and its failure to mitigate storm risk just as the hurricane season is about to begin.
Even before the floods, nearly half of Haiti's population was in need of humanitarian assistance, a figure that has doubled in just five years, according to the UN.
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