In the eastern route, the front runs southward through central and eastern Mongolia, affecting Northeast China, central and eastern Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Hebei provinces.

The central route is southward through central and western Mongolia, affecting central and western Inner Mongolia and eastern areas of Northwest China, central and southern parts of North China.

To the west, the front blows southward through western Mongolia and northeast Kazakhstan, affecting western parts of China, and areas of North China.

"Most of the sandstorms sweeping Beijing and Tianjin this year came from abroad and mainly through the central route," Kang said in a Xinhua report.

Statistics indicated that at least 11 major sandstorms hit North China during the past two months, making it "the worst sandstorm weather in the spring season for a decade." What's worse, meteorologists predicted more storms later this month.

Researchers from the China Meteorological Administration, Kang's observatory and the China-Japan Friendship Centre for Environmental Protection participated in the research programme.

Satellites, remote sensing, radar and other high technologies were used to study the source regions, routes and the influence on Beijing..

Kang said some of the sandstorms originated in China and others came from abroad.

"Desert is the major source of sandstorms," said Zhang Xiaoye, head of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences. "Sandstorms will not disappear until the deserts totally vanish."

Statistics indicate that China has 1.67 million square kilometres of desert.

Traditional farming methods in northern parts of the country also have an influence, experts said.

"The dry and vulnerable topsoil in North China can easily be picked up and carried by the wind," said Jin Heling, an expert with the Institute of Environment and Engineering in Cold and Arid Regions under the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

"Sandstorms are usually triggered by sudden temperature changes in springtime, poor vegetation cover and aridity. However, exposed plough land where soil can be blown away is also a major cause," said Kang.

Meteorologists suggested that a protective forest be established around Beijing and Tianjin and more trees be planted in Inner Mongolia to curb desertification.

Since the late 1990s, the Chinese Government has invested heavily in the implementation of the Sandstorm Source Control Project in and around Beijing and Tianjin.

To date, the government has invested 55.8 billion yuan (US$6.9 billion) in various projects, including tree planting. One-fourth of the programme has been finished and one-seventh of exposed land made green.

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