As fields of produce and local communities expand until they nearly collide, residents are exposed to the harsh chemicals sprayed down onto the plants from the air.
"When the planes fly around our houses, we feel the effects on our health: eye irritation, skin allergies, cough," said Diogenes Rabello, the leader of a Sao Paulo chapter of the Rural Workers Without Land Movement, an agricultural reform organization.
Critics of the method -- officially known as aerial fumigation -- won a victory in May, when the Brazilian Supreme Court ruled in favor of a 2019 ban in the northeastern state of Ceara. Other states are considering following suit.
But the decision sent shockwaves through the giant agribusiness sector in Brazil, which consumed nearly 720,000 metric tons of pesticides in 2021, or 20 percent of the global total, according to the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization.
In order to maintain high yields, agribusiness -- the driver of the Brazilian economy -- depends on the intensive use of pesticides, especially those administered from above. Supporters prefer to call the compounds "agricultural defense" or "plant protection products."
The situation is delicate: the huge use of pesticides is one of the main arguments European detractors point to in negotiations over a free trade agreement between the EU and the South American Mercosur trade bloc.
Europe has largely prohibited crop dusting since 2009, citing negative effects on human health and the environment.
But in Brazil, which has the second-largest fleet of agricultural aircraft in the world behind only the United States, aerial spraying still accounts for between 25 and 30 percent of pesticide use, according to the country's National Union of Agricultural Aviation Companies.
- 'Risk of drifting away' -
In the southeastern state of Sao Paulo -- the second-largest consumer of pesticides in the country and where sugarcane occupies about 30 percent of agricultural space -- prosecutor Gabriel Lino de Paula Pires is investigating the use of aerial fumigation in the Pontal do Paranapanema region.
"In 20 years, that crop has significantly expanded here, reaching up to the border of (human) settlements," Pires told AFP.
It is illegal to drop pesticides from the air within 500 meters of towns and villages, and within 250 meters of water sources. But crop dusting "always presents a risk of (the chemicals) drifting away from the intended target," Pires said.
In fact, according to Pires, due to the weather patterns in the region, "it is not possible to spread pesticides (from the air) safely."
But according to Fabio Kagi, from Sindiveg, which represents the Brazilian pesticide industry, "among the spray methods, the aerial one is the most regulated."
Crop dusting is much faster than spraying pesticides from the ground, able to reach huge swaths of land which would be difficult to access via tractor.
Agricultural aircraft pilots must be specially licensed, and an agricultural engineer is required to be present during flights, according to Kagi. But prosecutor Pires says public authorities are "failing" to regulate such conditions.
- Banned in Europe -
Some 30 percent of aerial pesticides used on sugarcane plantations around five regions of Sao Paulo in 2019 contained potentially carcinogenic active ingredients, according to a study from the Federal University of Santa Catarina, highlighting a possible correlation with the higher-than-national-average cancer incidence in these areas.
According to reports reviewed by the Sao Paulo public defender's office, sugar company Tereos Acucar e Energia Brasil used thiamethoxam, the active ingredient in an insecticide, in Brazil.
The chemical was banned in the EU in 2019 due to its toxicity to aquatic animals and potential risks for human fertility and fetuses.
Brazilian sugar companies Sao Martinho and Usina Pitangueiras have used a pesticide called Opera, according to other reports reviewed by the public defender's office. Opera's active ingredient is a substance which French health authorities have said is presumed to cause cancer and which disrupts hormones.
Contacted by AFP, Tereos insisted that it uses products "approved by Brazilian authorities" and "consciously respects all of their application recommendations."
Sao Martinho also said it follows the "regulations and guidelines of the competent authorities," while Usina Pitangueiras did not respond to AFP's inquiries.
Despite these state-level challenges to crop dusting, Brazilian federal lawmakers are currently considering a bill to ease the approval of new pesticides.
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