Indonesia's Mount Semeru erupted Sunday spewing hot ash clouds a mile high and rivers of lava down its side while sparking the evacuation of nearly 2,000 people exactly one year after its last major eruption killed dozens.

The burst from the highest mountain on Indonesia's main island of Java, around 800 kilometres (500 miles) southeast of the capital Jakarta, prompted authorities to raise the alert status for the volcano to the highest level.

Villages around Semeru were being battered by a mix of volcanic ash and monsoon rains. Videos shared with AFP by a local rescue group showed a huge black cloud rising from the volcano, engulfing the sky and blocking the sun.

One resident described the panic when the ash clouds descended on their village.

"It was dark, I could not see anything. It was raining water and ash," the person, who did not want to be named, told AFP.

"I didn't know where to take shelter. I had to flee."

"Hot avalanches" triggered by piles of lava at the top flooded down the 3,676-metre (12,060 feet) mountain, said Abdul Muhari, a spokesperson for Indonesia's National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB).

A spokesperson for Indonesia's Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation Centre (PVMBG) told broadcaster Kompas TV that the higher alert level meant local villages were in danger.

However, no casualties or injuries were reported on Sunday after the PVMBG warned nearby residents not to travel within eight kilometres (five miles) of the crater.

The geological agency said that by evening Semeru was "still in the eruption phase" though the size of the ash clouds was decreasing.

"Overall the activity is still very high," it said in a statement.

The internet in the area was down and phone signals were patchy after the eruption, according to an AFP journalist.

- Rain and ash -

The BNPB said 1,979 people had been taken to 11 shelters, with at least six villages affected by the eruption.

Local administration official Indah Amperawati Masdar said residents would only be allowed to return home when the hot clouds had dissipated.

Residents were also told to avoid a southeastern area 13 kilometres (eight miles) along a river in the direction the ash was travelling.

The majority of residents in the two villages most at risk had been evacuated, said Patria Dwi Hastiadi, a spokesperson for the Lumajang Disaster Mitigation Agency.

Locals fled on motorbikes, some three at a time with their belongings, while others helped the elderly evacuate safely. One resident was covered in mud that had rained down on him as a mix of rain and ash.

Japan's weather agency had earlier warned that a tsunami could be triggered by the eruption affecting southern islands in the country's Okinawa prefecture, Kyodo news agency reported. But Japan's meteorological agency later said no significant tidal changes were observed.

Semeru last erupted exactly one year ago, killing at least 51 people and damaging more than 5,000 homes.

That disaster left entire streets filled with mud and ash that swallowed houses and vehicles, forcing nearly 10,000 people to seek refuge.

Semeru's alert status had remained at its second-highest level since a previous major eruption in December 2020.

Indonesia sits on the Pacific Ring of Fire, where the meeting of continental plates causes substantial volcanic and seismic activity.

The Southeast Asian archipelago nation has nearly 130 active volcanoes.

Indonesia villagers race to escape eruption as sky turns black
Lumajang, Indonesia (AFP) Dec 4, 2022 - Thousands of villagers living near Indonesia's Mount Semeru were racing for refuge Sunday to the wail of emergency sirens as lava snaked towards their homes under a black sky after the volcano erupted.

Locals fled on motorbikes sometimes three at a time as a mushroom cloud of ash approached and monsoon rains lashed the area in East Java.

"It was dark and raining. The rain did not consist only of water, but also volcanic ash. It was like mud," said an AFP journalist on the scene.

Indonesian authorities raised their alert level for the volcano to its highest after the crater spewed hot ash a mile into the sky.

It came only a year after the volcano last erupted, killing at least 51 people and laying waste to homes.

Rescue workers were once again rushing to evacuate villagers in the area Sunday as a colossal plume of ash engulfed all light.

One emergency responder, Gunawan, filmed the clouds above as a midday sky turned ominously dark as though midnight.

"It's getting dark, bro," he said to the camera as a seismograph whistled in the background.

The internet was down and phone signals were patchy but villagers were alerted to the danger by sirens and the beating of bamboo drums by local volunteers.

Semeru is the highest mountain on Indonesia's main island of Java and lies around 800 kilometres (500 miles) southeast of the capital Jakarta among a cluster of craters in a moon-like landscape.

The Southeast Asian archipelago nation has nearly 130 active volcanoes.

- 'Cheers' -

The eruption last year left locals combing through ruined belongings after their homes were blanketed in ash.

It remains to be seen what damage the eruption will inflict this time with the lava still edging towards homes and their owners told to remain eight kilometres (five miles) from the crater.

Many villagers, mostly women and children, took shelter in local halls and schools, some as far as 20 kilometres (12 miles) away.

Gunawan, who like many Indonesians goes by only one name, said everyone was safe for now, even if their possessions and homes might not be by day's end.

As he flashed a peace sign at a camera against the backdrop of dark haze and monsoon rains at his rescue post, he tried to reassure people.

"Salam tangguh, salam presisi!" he said, meaning "cheers", his voice relaxed but muffled behind a gas mask.

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