Iraqi Kurdistan presents itself as a relative oasis of stability in the turbulent Middle East, attracting foreign investors due to its close ties with the United States and Europe.
However, activists and opposition figures contend that the region, autonomous since 1991, faces the same issues affecting Iraq as a whole: corruption, political repression and cronyism among those in power.
Originally scheduled for two years ago, the vote has been postponed four times due to disputes between the region's two historic parties, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK).
Each party is controlled by a powerful Kurdish family -- the KDP by the Barzanis and the PUK by the Talabanis.
Despite holding election rallies and mobilising their patronage networks, experts say there is widespread public disillusionment with the parties, exacerbated by the region's bleak economic conditions.
Huri Mohammed, a 66-year-old housewife, said she voted for the KDP, which dominates the regional capital Arbil, as it "serves the people".
She expressed hope the next government would "pay attention to the poor classes: the majority of our population has limited means".
Dilman Sharif, a 47-year-old civil servant in Sulaimaniyah, the second-largest city in Iraqi Kurdistan and a stronghold of the PUK, said he opposed the government.
"I urge everyone to mobilise and vote against this regime," he said ahead of the election.
Opposition parties such as New Generation and a movement led by Lahur Sheikh Jangi, a dissident from the Talabani clan, may gain from a protest vote, said Sarteep Jawhar, a PUK dissident and political commentator.
At a polling station in Sulaimaniyah, about 20 people were already lined up to cast their ballots Sunday morning when the voting began.
Political analyst Shivan Fazil, a PhD student at the US-based Boston University with a focus on Iraq, noted that there was "a growing fatigue with the region's two ruling parties".
"People's living conditions have deteriorated over the last decade," he said, citing erratic payment of salaries for the region's 1.2 million civil servants as problematic because the money serves as "a vital source of income for households".
This issue is tied to ongoing tensions between Kurdistan and the federal Iraqi government in Baghdad, amid disputes over control of the region's lucrative oil exports.
- 'Force and money' -
The creation of the four new constituencies for this election -- a change from only one previously -- "could lead to redistribution in vote shares and seats in the next parliament", Fazil said.
He still predicted, however, that the KDP could maintain its majority due to its "internal discipline and cohesion".
The KDP is the largest party in the outgoing parliament, with 45 seats against 21 for the PUK.
The KDP's majority was assured by an alliance with deputies elected via a quota reserved for Turkmen, Armenian and Christian minorities.
Iraqi court rulings have reduced the number of seats in the Kurdish parliament from 111 to 100, but with five seats still reserved for the minorities.
Of the region's six million inhabitants, 2.9 million are eligible to vote for the 100 representatives, including 30 women mandated by a quota.
In the last regional elections in 2018, voter turnout was 59 percent.
Once elected, the new representatives will need to vote for a new president and prime minister, with both roles currently filled by KDP figures Nechirvan Barzani and his cousin, Masrour Barzani.
"After the election, we will sit together to form a government in the service of Kurdistan," Kurdish President Nechirvan Barzani said Sunday, quoted by state news agency INA. He voiced hope for a unity government to be formed as soon as possible.
Mohamed al-Hassan, the United Nations special representative in Iraq, welcomed the election as an opportunity for the Kurdistan region to "reinvigorate democracy and inject new ideas into its institutions".
However, 55-year-old teacher Sazan Saduala says she was boycotting the election.
"This government cannot be changed by voting," she said. "It maintains its power through force and money."
Voting at more than 1,200 polling stations is scheduled to end at 6:00 pm (1500 GMT).
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