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New Zealand volcano still too dangerous to remove bodies
by Staff Writers
Whakatane, New Zealand (AFP) Dec 10, 2019

White Island: A look inside New Zealand's most active volcano
Sydney (AFP) Dec 10, 2019 - New Zealand's White Island exploded suddenly on Monday and almost instantly became the scene of unimaginable horror, but as the country's most active volcano a disaster was not entirely unexpected.

Here are four key questions about the December 9, 2019 eruption and the volcano that caused it:

- What happened? -

The eruption began at 2.11pm local time and, according to GNS Science volcanologist Brad Scott, was relatively brief, lasting only one-two minutes.

In geological terms, that was both short and relatively small.

But the impact was profound for anyone nearby -- with ash, gas and hot cannonball-like rocks hurtling out of the crater at a speed of hundreds of metres per second and travelling kilometres into the air.

"It appears to be a phreatic eruption" said Oliver Nebel of Monash University -- describing a phenomenon where superheated steam and gas builds up and breaks the seal of the Earth's surface.

"The gas that erupted would have ejected very fast -- supersonic -- is extremely hot and toxic," he said.

- Was there any warning? -

After detecting "heightened activity" at the island, New Zealand authorities on November 18 raised the Volcanic Alert Level for White Island from Level 1 to Level 2 -- the highest level before an explosion.

Because of the type of volcano and the lack of significant lava flows "many of the regular warning systems that work on other, larger volcanoes may not have been triggered," according to Nebel.

But the volcano has a long -- and perhaps predictable -- history of unpredictable activity.

In 1914 ten people were killed after a landslide on the crater floor. It erupted almost continuously between 1976 and 2000.

"It does not have major eruptions, but small blasts of ash, blocks and lava are reasonably common," said Bill McGuire, emeritus professor at University College London.

"Because the island is only a couple of kilometres across, however, visitors are close to the vent and under threat even if there is a small explosion."

- Will it erupt again? -

According to New Zealand authorities there has been a steady decline in activity but the volcano remains unpredictable, with minor eruptions ongoing.

They have estimated there is a 50/50 chance of a similar size eruption in the next 24 hours.

According to Jessica Johnson, Lecturer in Geophysics at the University of East Anglia, "the volcano has displayed similar unrest in the past with no major eruptions."

"The most that the scientists can do is continue to monitor the volcano and issue information when it is available."

- Should tourists have been allowed there? -

"Hindsight is always 20/20, but any visit to an active volcano, or volcanic field bears a certain amount of risk," said tourism professor Michael Lueck of the Auckland University of Technology.

"Usually it is managed by governmental bodies generally, and the tourism industry in particular."

"In the case of White Island, it falls ultimately to the operators to decide whether or not to send tours to the island on any given day."

He noted that in 2013 five climbers were killed when the Philippines' Mayon volcano erupted and a year later Japan's Mount Ontake erupted killing 63 hikers.

"Last year, one tourist died in an eruption of Italy's Stromboli volcano, which has become a resort island."

The University of East Anglia's Johnson said "it is very difficult to say whether tourism should be allowed there."

But that point may be moot if people are driven to see what is a dangerous but fascinating wonder of nature.

"White Island/Whakaari is a very beautiful and interesting destination that naturally attracts tourism," she said.

New Zealand police defended delays in recovering bodies from the White Island volcano Wednesday, saying it would be "madness" to rush into a landing on the still-smouldering disaster zone.

Monday's explosion at the popular tourist attraction off the North Island coast resulted in six deaths and authorities believe the remains of eight others listed as missing are still on the island.

A total of 47 day-trippers were on the island when the blast occurred, and many survivors suffered serious burns.

Police Minister Stuart Nash said he understood the frustration of family members who wanted their loved ones' remains returned but said recovery teams had no choice but to wait.

Nash said seismologists had predicted there was a 50 percent chance of another eruption on the island, which sits semi-submerged 50 kilometres (30 miles) out to sea.

He said there were also poisonous gases pouring from the volcanic vent and the eruption had blanketed the island in a thick layer of acidic ash.

"It would be madness for us to send men and women across to White Island in a situation that was not safe for them," he told Radio New Zealand.

"We have a responsibility to New Zealand police staff to ensure any situation we put them in is safe."

Nash said reconnaissance flights had determined soon after survivors fled the initial blast that there was no one alive on the island.

Police want to deploy drones to measure toxic gas levels in the island's atmosphere and determine whether it is safe to return, but windy conditions have so far prevented them from being flown.

With weather expected to deteriorate on Thursday, pressure is building to start the recovery operation.

"We're assessing all factors every two or three hours to see if we can go," superintendent Bruce Bird told reporters.

- 'Not out of the woods' -

Visitors to the island, which is marketed as an adventurous day trip, included a group of more than 30 from a Royal Caribbean cruise ship, the Ovation of the Seas, which left Sydney on a 12-day voyage last week.

The ship had delayed its departure from nearby Tauranga in the wake of the disaster but set off for Wellington early Wednesday morning.

"A team will remain onsite in Tauranga and all hospital locations to ensure those affected by Monday's incident are taken care of in terms of medical help, counselling, accommodations, and transport," the company said in a statement.

"Our priority continues to be to ensure that all guests and crew impacted are well taken care."

Among those caught on the island during the sudden blast were tourists from Australia, the United States, Britain, China, Germany and Malaysia, as well as local tour guides.

The death toll reached six late Tuesday when an injured person died in an Auckland hospital and Nash said it could rise further.

"There are still some very, very seriously injured people in hospital. We wish them the best but we're not out of the woods yet, of that there's no doubt," he said.

At least 26 survivors are being treated for severe burns and Nash said some were so badly injured their identity was still not known.

"My understanding is that nine are still in a critical condition, they cannot speak in any way shape or form or communicate," he said.

He said authorities were being cautious about publicly releasing victims' details to avoid any mistakes.

Heroism, devastation after deadly N. Zealand volcano eruption
Whakatane, New Zealand (AFP) Dec 10, 2019 - Tales of heroism, devastation and horrifying injuries emerged Tuesday after New Zealand's smouldering White Island volcano exploded, killing an estimated 14 people and turning what should have been an intrepid day trip into a nightmare.

The number of confirmed fatalities rose to six Tuesday night after an injured person died in an Auckland hospital, police said.

Eight more people were presumed dead after Monday's eruption, while dozens of others injured were being treated in hospital burns units across the country.

Among the 47 people caught on the island during the sudden blast were tourists from Australia, the United States, Britain, China, Germany and Malaysia, as well as local tour guides.

As relatives of the missing faced an agonising wait to discover the fate of their loved ones, police said conditions remained too dangerous for recovery teams to set foot on the volcano.

Amid questions about how tourists were allowed on the island, police said they were opening an investigation into the circumstances of the deaths and injuries -- but they backtracked on suggestions it could lead to criminal charges.

Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern praised the crews of four rescue helicopters for landing on the island soon after the eruption.

"Those pilots made an incredibly brave decision under extraordinarily dangerous circumstances in an attempt to get people out," she told reporters.

Intensive care paramedic Russell Clark was among those dispatched by helicopter to the volcano, which sits semi-submerged 50 kilometres (30 miles) out to sea.

He was confronted by an "overwhelming" and "shocking" scene of devastation.

"We didn't find any survivors," he told TVNZ, recalling a dust-covered helicopter grounded with its rotor blades damaged.

"It was like... I've seen the 'Chernobyl' mini-series and it was just everything was just blanketed in ash.

"I can only imagine what it was like for the people there at the time -- they had nowhere to go and an absolutely terrible experience for them."

New Zealander Geoff Hopkins' tour boat was leaving the island when a huge plume burst from the volcano -- at what scientists said was supersonic speed -- followed by a "menacing" cloud of grey ash.

Despite the danger, Hopkins said the boat moved closer to the shore after seeing survivors jump from the island into the sea to escape.

"I don't think there was anyone that came off who wasn't badly burnt," he told the New Zealand Herald, describing how victims screamed and went into shock as fellow tourists tried to tend to their blistered skin.

- 'Very hard day' -

Top New Zealand health official Pete Watson said 27 of the 34 survivors were being treated for burns to more than 71 percent of their bodies.

"It's important not to underestimate the gravity of the injuries suffered," he said.

After an initial rush, concerns about further eruptions, poisonous gases and choking ash stalled efforts to recover bodies.

The risks were underscored Tuesday when a large-but-harmless 5.0 magnitude earthquake struck to the east of the disaster zone.

Ardern said New Zealanders were mourning alongside those from overseas whose nationals were caught up in the disaster.

"To those who have lost or are missing family and friends, we share in your unfathomable grief and in your sorrow," the prime minister said, just months after managing another national crisis during Christchurch's deadly twin mosque attacks.

Many of the victims are believed to be Australian and Prime Minister Scott Morrison warned his compatriots to brace for the worst.

He said there were fears that three of the five dead were Australian, and another eight citizens were unaccounted for.

"This is a very, very hard day for a lot of Australian families whose loved ones have been caught up in this terrible, terrible tragedy," he told reporters in Sydney.

The Malaysian government said one of its citizens had died and two British women were confirmed among those injured.

With the island off-limits, Adelaide man Brian Dallow was anxiously awaiting news about his son Gavin, daughter-in-law Lisa, and her daughter Zoe Hosking, 15.

"All we know at the moment is they were on the island and they're been confirmed as missing," he told AFP. "As far as we know they didn't get back on the ship."

The eruption at White Island -- also known as Whakaari -- occurred on Monday afternoon, spewing a thick plume of white ash 3.6 kilometres (12,000 feet) into the sky.

At the time, visitors included a group of more than 30 from a Royal Caribbean cruise ship, the Ovation of the Seas, which left Sydney on a 12-day voyage last week.

The island in the picturesque Bay of Plenty attracts more than 17,000 visitors every year and is marketed as an experience for the adventurous traveller.

But the volcano's threat level had been raised in recent days, leading to questions about whether tour groups should have been allowed to visit.


Related Links
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Stones do not float in water. This is a truism. But there is hardly a rule without exception. In fact, some volcanic eruptions produce a very porous type of rock with a density so low that it does float: Pumice. An unusually large amount of it is currently drifting in the Southwest Pacific towards Australia. When it was first sighted in the waters of the island state of Tonga at the beginning of August, it almost formed a coherent layer on the ocean's surface. The "pumice raft" made it into Volcan ... read more

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