Subscribe free to our newsletters via your
. Earth Science News .




WATER WORLD
Ocean bacteria get 'pumped up'
by Staff Writers
Cape Cod MA (SPX) Apr 30, 2015


The researchers found that sinking particles of stressed and dying phytoplankton release chemicals that have a jolting, steroid-like effect on marine bacteria feeding on the particles. The chemicals juice up the bacteria's metabolism causing them to more rapidly convert organic carbon in the particles back into CO2 before they can sink to the deep ocean. Image courtesy Dawn Moran, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

The ocean has been sucking up heat-trapping carbon dioxide (CO2) building up in our atmosphere--with a little help from tiny plankton. Like plants on land, these plankton convert CO2 into organic carbon via photosynthesis. But unlike land plants that are held fast to terra firma, plankton can sink into the deep ocean, carrying carbon with them. Along the way they decompose when bacteria convert their remains back into CO2.

It's called the "biological pump," and if it operated 100 percent efficiently, nearly every atom of carbon drawn into the ocean would be converted to organic carbon, sink into the deep ocean, and remain sequestered from the atmosphere for millennia. But like hail stones that melt before reaching the ground, some carbon never makes it to the deep ocean, allowing CO2 to leak back into the upper ocean and ultimately exchange with the atmosphere.

In a new study published April 27 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, scientists at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and their colleague from Rutgers University discovered a surprising new short-circuit to the biological pump.

They found that sinking particles of stressed and dying phytoplankton release chemicals that have a jolting, steroid-like effect on marine bacteria feeding on the particles. The chemicals juice up the bacteria's metabolism causing them to more rapidly convert organic carbon in the particles back into CO2 before they can sink to the deep ocean.

"We think these compounds are acting as signals to the bacterial community to let them know phytoplankton are dying, lots of 'free' food on the way, and to ramp up their metabolisms," said Bethanie Edwards, lead author of the study and a graduate student in the MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography. "When the bacteria consume phytoplankton faster, more CO2 is given off in the shallow depths, where it can return to the surface of the ocean and the atmosphere more quickly."

Typically, the detritus of phytoplankton have no special effect on bacteria; they are simply a food source. But the phytoplankton in this study--diatoms--are different. When stressed, some diatoms release bioactive molecules known as polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs).

The researchers found that these molecules kick the bacteria's metabolism and CO2 respiration rates into hyperdrive - like skinny weightlifters after a steroid shot. The bacteria start devouring the falling particles like they are at an all-you-can-eat buffet, and significantly reduce the amount of sinking detritus while releasing CO2.

Edwards, her advisor, WHOI scientist Ben Van Mooy, and co-author Kay Bidle from Rutgers University went to sea to collect and analyze particle samples from several locations across the North Atlantic, including the Sargasso Sea, the subarctic North Atlantic near Iceland, and the western North Atlantic near Massachusetts. The spatial coverage was important, Van Mooy said.

"We know that there's more sinking carbon in some places and less in others, so we wanted to better understand the distribution across different ocean regions," he said.

To collect the particles, 6-foot-wide, funnel-shaped sediment traps were submerged 150 meters down (picture huge traffic cones dunked upside down in the ocean) for 24 hours. Once the traps were brought back to surface, the scientists incubated collected particles with PUAs and analyzed changes in bacterial metabolism over a 24-hour period.

"Very rarely do you see organisms respond positively to PUAs. In fact, in higher concentrations, they often have a toxic effect, causing a decrease in phytoplankton growth rates and mutations," Edwards said. "But our results were very surprising. We saw an increase in CO2 production rates, enzyme activity, and bacterial cell growth."

The scientists also found much higher concentrations of PUAs within the sinking particles than had been previously been observed in the water column. "This suggests that sinking particles are 'hotspots' for PUA production," Edwards said.

"This study shows that when it comes to long-term biological sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the ocean, not all species of phytoplankton are created equal," said Don Rice, program director for the National Science Foundation (NSF)'s Chemical Oceanography Program, which partially funded the research.

"These scientists have uncovered yet another nuance that may affect the efficiency of the biological pump to remove carbon from surface waters," added David Garrison, program director for NSF's Biological Oceanography Program, which also contributed funds for the project.

Small compounds, big implications
Scientists investigating what controls the fate of carbon in the ocean have explored factors such as how easily phytoplankton particles break down, how much carbon they contain, and how fast they sink. According to Van Mooy, this research is the first to show how molecular compounds affect what happens to CO2 in the ocean.

"The depth of organic carbon sinking is important, as about a quarter of CO2 from burning fossil fuels ends up in the deep ocean because of these mechanisms," said Van Mooy. "For over half a century people have been trying to understand why carbon sinks more here and less there. These molecules [PUAs] are telling us they have a role to play in all this."

"We typically think of temperature and other physiochemical factors as being critically important in determining the bacterial processing of diatom detritus and how deep it sinks in the ocean, but this work shows that the molecular composition of 'infochemicals' really matters," said Bidle.

"The team makes a strong case that the growth of microbes and the consequent flow of carbon in the sea can be influenced not only by predation and nutrient limitation, but also by unique chemicals that have an effect on microbial behavior - an important new idea for the field," said Jon Kaye, program director of the Marine Microbiology Initiative at the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the study's major funder.

Edwards sees the research as a steppingstone toward a clearer understanding of CO2 absorption in the ocean and the efficiency of the biological pump in the vast planetary cycle that circulates carbon through air, land, ocean, and living things.

"By gaining more detailed knowledge about the intricate interactions of marine microbes," she said, "we can paint a more complete picture of how the carbon cycle works, the positive and negative feedbacks, and the implications for global climate."


Thanks for being here;
We need your help. The SpaceDaily news network continues to grow but revenues have never been harder to maintain.

With the rise of Ad Blockers, and Facebook - our traditional revenue sources via quality network advertising continues to decline. And unlike so many other news sites, we don't have a paywall - with those annoying usernames and passwords.

Our news coverage takes time and effort to publish 365 days a year.

If you find our news sites informative and useful then please consider becoming a regular supporter or for now make a one off contribution.
SpaceDaily Contributor
$5 Billed Once


credit card or paypal
SpaceDaily Monthly Supporter
$5 Billed Monthly


paypal only


.


Related Links
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Water News - Science, Technology and Politics






Comment on this article via your Facebook, Yahoo, AOL, Hotmail login.

Share this article via these popular social media networks
del.icio.usdel.icio.us DiggDigg RedditReddit GoogleGoogle








WATER WORLD
Fishing impacts on the Great Barrier Reef
Townsville, Australia (SPX) Apr 27, 2015
New research shows that fishing is having a significant impact on the make-up of fish populations of the Great Barrier Reef. It's long been known that environmental impacts such as climate change and pollution are amongst the drivers of change on the Great Barrier Reef. Now researchers from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies (Coral CoE) at James Cook University have found ... read more


WATER WORLD
Aid reaches quake-hit Nepal villagers as death toll passes 5,000

Pope, UN chief in shock over Med disasters, back action on global warming

Choppers rescue Everest avalanche victims

Nerves fray as residents flee Nepal's quake-hit capital

WATER WORLD
Perseverance paves way for wind laser

Electron spin brings order to high entropy alloys

MIPT researchers grow cardiac tissue on 'spider silk' substrate

Autonomous convergence and divergence of self-powered soft liquid metals

WATER WORLD
Going with the flow

Jason-3 Will Add to Record of the Sea's Rise and Fall

Ocean bacteria get 'pumped up'

Clyde Space and UNC to produce game-changing ocean monitoring tech

WATER WORLD
Warming may release vast amounts of carbon from Arctic soils

Arctic beetles may be ideal marker of climate change

Arctic nations meet under threat of new Cold War

Phytoplankton, reducing greenhouse gases or amplifying Arctic warming

WATER WORLD
Could smell hold the key to ending pesticide use

Dutch saltwater potatoes offer hope for world's hungry

Bumblebee genomes create a buzz in the field of pollination

The appeal of being anti-GMO

WATER WORLD
Aftershocks cause more terror as Nepal quake toll tops 2,400

The 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake - felt from space

Enhancing earthquake early warning in the Pacific Northwest

More Americans at risk from strong earthquakes

WATER WORLD
Niger says 46 soldiers, 28 civilians killed in weekend Boko Haram attack

Niger says 2.5 million suffering food insecurity

Billion dollar ivory and gold trade fuelling DR Congo war: UN

Holdout Mali rebels refuse to initial peace accord

WATER WORLD
Insight into how brain makes memories

Large heads, narrow pelvises and difficult childbirth in humans

Scientists urge moratorium after Chinese 'edit' human embryos

Technology can transfer human emotions to your palm through air




The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. All websites are published in Australia and are solely subject to Australian law and governed by Fair Use principals for news reporting and research purposes. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA news reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement All images and articles appearing on Space Media Network have been edited or digitally altered in some way. Any requests to remove copyright material will be acted upon in a timely and appropriate manner. Any attempt to extort money from Space Media Network will be ignored and reported to Australian Law Enforcement Agencies as a potential case of financial fraud involving the use of a telephonic carriage device or postal service.