There were 69 unprovoked attacks in 2023, up slightly from 63 in 2022, and ten deaths, which is double the year before and a 12-year-high, according to the International Shark Attack File, an annual global report published Monday by the University of Florida.
Gavin Naylor, director of the Florida Program for Shark Research at the Florida Museum of Natural History who co-authored the study, told AFP that the uptick didn't mean sharks were becoming more numerous or fierce.
Three of the deaths happened off the coast of southern Australia in a region called the Eyre Peninsula, where a rebounding seal population has brought great whites into closer proximity to surfers in a remote region.
"If you get nobbled by a white shark you're probably not going to have all of the helicopters being able to be there within five minutes and stretchers and all the medical infrastructure," he said.
In all, Australia saw four deaths, followed by two in the United States, and one each in the Bahamas, Egypt, Mexico and New Caledonia.
The US saw 36 unprovoked attacks -- just over half of the total number worldwide. Most of these are "test" bites when a shark mistakes a human for prey.
"Provoking" a shark was defined as intentionally approaching one or swimming in an area where bait was used to lure fish -- and such incidents were not included in the study's headline figures.
Data was collected through media reports then independently validated by Naylor and his co-author Joe Miguez.
- Global numbers down -
"Globally shark numbers are down," said Naylor, with a broad trend of sharks moving closer to coastal waters as overfishing causes the collapse of fish stocks in the ocean. A study in Nature in 2021 found the global abundance of oceanic shark and rays down 71 percent since 1970.
This in turn had led to a disconnect between what scientists are reporting globally and coastal fishermen say locally about increased encounters, added Naylor.
What's more, shark encounters are often a consequence of people spending more time in the water, with bites spiking during the summer time of the northern and southern hemispheres.
Improving water quality off the coast of New York had, for example, attracted more fish, which in turn had brought more sand tiger sharks.
Last summer, several people were bitten off Long Island, forcing increased shark patrols.
Increasing heat meanwhile was driving shark species to pursue prey in new waters.
"Coral trout are supposed to be on the Barrier Reef, we see them in Tasmania, which is super cold water," said Naylor, and "predators follow the food."
Practical advice to avoid sharks varies from place to place, said Naylor, and people should do local research.
For instance, off the coast of Florida, wearing jewelry that reflects light can look like fish scales and attract black tip sharks. People should also get out of the water if they see schools of bait fish.
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