The problem is massive: the Fukushima Daiichi plant, where several reactors melted down after the 2011 tsunami overwhelmed cooling systems, generates 100,000 litres (3,500 cubic feet) of contaminated water a day.
The mix of groundwater, rainwater that seeps into the area and water used for cooling is treated by plant operator TEPCO and stored on site. But 1.33 million cubic metres later, space has nearly run out.
TEPCO and Japan's government want to release the treated liquid, diluted with seawater, via a pipe extending a kilometre from the coast where the plant sits.
They say filtration removes most radionuclides -- elements that emit radiation -- and renders the water no different to that regularly released by nuclear plants elsewhere, a view endorsed by experts and the UN nuclear watchdog.
The release is a "robust plan," according to Tony Hooker, an associate professor at the University of Adelaide's Centre for Radiation Research, Education and Innovation.
"No environmental or human health impacts are likely to be observed," he said, though he noted there is growing debate about the global practice of ocean dumping.
Claims about risks "are not founded in scientific evidence," added Jim Smith, professor of environmental science at the University of Portsmouth.
"Those making claims... should consider the negative impact of their -- I think scientifically baseless -- claims on the communities in Japan who have been affected by the Fukushima accident," he added.
- 'Radiation risks' -
Still, Japan's government and TEPCO have faced persistent concern and criticism, with some pointing to missteps around the initial accident as grounds for distrust.
Anti-nuclear group Greenpeace has been among the loudest voices condemning the plan, accusing the government of having "discounted the radiation risks."
And neighbours from China to Pacific nations have expressed varying degrees of concern.
Fishing communities that spent years battling stigma and even bans on their catches now fear that rebuilt customer confidence will be destroyed.
No surprise then that dozens of government officials have been drafted in to work on swaying domestic and international opinion.
Regional and international delegations and media have been led on plant tours, sometimes stopping at tanks where fish swim in treated and diluted wastewater -- an experiment streamed on YouTube.
There have also been technical briefings for neighbours like South Korea, though government officials said multiple invitations for such talks with China had gone unanswered.
Perhaps the most important plank of Japan's campaign is a review by the International Atomic Energy Agency, which has endorsed the release plan and will monitor its implementation.
"This is the organisation which can provide reassurance to not only the Japanese people but to the international community... they provide the gold standard," said Shinichi Sato, director of the international nuclear cooperation division at Japan's foreign ministry.
- 'Negligible impact' -
The IAEA, whose chief is visiting Tokyo and the Fukushima plant this week, said Tuesday the plan meets international standards and will have "a negligible radiological impact on people and the environment."
Still, it is likely to remain controversial, with Pacific Islands Forum Secretary General Henry Puna last month urging "more time and an abundance of caution."
And while Seoul has tempered earlier opposition, as diplomatic ties between the neighbours warm, that hasn't stopped panic buying of salt by some convinced the release will contaminate local seawater.
It's a painful moment for Fukushima's fishing communities, whose livelihoods have been battered.
A spokesman for the Fukushima Prefectural Federation of Fisheries Co-operative Associations said TEPCO's measures inspired little confidence about radiation risks.
But "the reputational damage is the bigger concern," he told AFP, declining to be named.
"There are still concerns raised both at home and abroad ... and we want the government to do more."
The release is expected to unfold over several decades, and Japan's government says its campaign is far from over.
"We understand that this requires a lot of explanation, and we are ready to do that," said Sato.
IAEA chief reassures Fukushima residents on water release
Iwaki, Japan (AFP) July 5, 2023 -
The head of the UN's nuclear watchdog met with Fukushima residents and representatives Wednesday, seeking to reassure them about the planned release of treated wastewater from the Fukushima nuclear plant.
The planned, decades-long discharge of accumulated water from the devastated nuclear facility has been approved by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as meeting global standards.
Its chief Rafael Grossi, at a meeting in Iwaki, Fukushima prefecture, acknowledged however that concerns remains.
"All these complex graphs and statistics are one thing but the reality, the reality of people, the reality of the economy, the reality of the social mood and perceptions may be different," he told a meeting of local residents and officials.
Some 1.33 million cubic metres of groundwater, rainwater and water used for cooling has accumulated at the Fukushima site, which is being decommissioned after several reactors went into meltdown following the 2011 tsunami which badly damaged the plant.
Plant operator TEPCO treats the water through its ALPS processing system to remove almost all radioactive elements except tritium, and plans to dilute it before discharging it into the ocean over several decades.
The plan is opposed by some regional neighbours, with Beijing vocally condemning the plan, as well as some in Fukushima, particularly fishing communities who fear customers will shun their catches.
Grossi said the IAEA was not involved in the process to "give cover... to decorate something that is bad."
"When it comes to this activity here, what is happening is not some exception, some strange plan that has been devised only to be applied here and sold to you," he added.
"This is, as certified by the IAEA, the general practice that is agreed by and observed by many, many places, all over the world."
Still, there is palpable anger among some local residents who fear the reputational damage of the release.
Tetsu Nozaki, chairman of the Fukushima Prefectural Federation of Fisheries Co-operative Associations, argued Japan's government was misrepresenting local sentiment, which he said remained strongly opposed to the plan.
"We fishery operators are left with no choice but to react emotionally and harden our attitude," he told Grossi.
"I beg you to realise... that this project of the release of ALPS-processed water is moving ahead in the face of opposition."
Grossi said he had no "magic wand" that could assuage concerns but pointed out the IAEA will set up a permanent office to review the release over decades.
"We are going to stay here with you for decades to come, until the last drop of the water which is accumulated around the reactor has been safely discharged," he said.
Grossi is due to visit the Fukushima plant later Wednesday, and will make stops in regional neighbours including South Korea after his Japan trip.
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