The 71-page report entitled "Piracy in the Greater Gulf of Aden: Myths, Misconception and Remedies" argued that helping structures with local legitimacy -- such as the Puntland authorities and the Sufi militia Ahlu Sunna wal Jamaa -- could prove more viable.

The report published by the Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research (NBIR), seen by AFP Thursday, argued that the "containment" approach of naval patrols is costly and has shown mixed results.

"The international naval presence is simply too small to cover the whole area" affected by piracy, the report said.

The hijackings of the two-week-old inter-monsoon season during which pirates are most active has revealed a trend whereby the sea-bandits seek their prey ever further east in the ocean, away from the heavily-patrolled Gulf of Aden.

The report noted that the international naval coalition "lacked any mechanism to address the onshore causes of piracy" and offered Somali opinion no local ownership of the anti-piracy drive.

The NBIR paper cited the European Union's decision to give the leadership of its Atalanta force to Spain for four months earlier this year as a faux-pas that had fostered public resentment.

"It is widely known that Spanish trawlers fish illegally in Somali waters, and the move was highly unpopular among Somalis," it said.

The report also argued that the cost of naval action was not sustainable, and that piracy would likely re-appear should a decline in attacks eventually lead to a withdrawal of foreign warships.

The author, Somalia expert Stig Jarle Hansen, pointed out that the cost of one Norwegian frigate deployed for six months -- around 30 million dollars -- would pay salaries to 100,000 Puntland police officers over the same period.

NBIR's Hansen is also critical of a strategy centered around the western-backed Transitional Federal Government (TFG) which controls none of the areas home to pirate lairs and is often unable to pay its forces.

"Piracy cannot be handled in areas in which piracy does not exist," he said.

The report argued that "pirates are a product of the lack/decline of local institutions rather than the lack of a state."

Hansen argued that in the two main regions affected by piracy -- the northern breakaway state of Puntland and the state of Mudug, further south -- there were partners with whom to develop anti-piracy strategies.

In Puntland, despite alleged complicity with the pirates, the authorities are feared and the region has recently been free of large-scale conflict.

Outside Puntland, in the Mudug region, Hansen suggested that the Ahlu Sunna wal Jamaa faction -- whose main interests are not currently along the coast -- needed to be "persuaded and rewarded for expanding into piracy areas".

The group recently took up arms to defend its Sufi brand of Islam against the hardline Wahhabi doctrine advocated by insurgent organisations such as the Al Qaeda-inspired Shebab and is believed to enjoy wide popularity.

The report suggested three possible approaches that could be adapted to local realities: paying and training existing forces to fight piracy, setting up a separate entity with considerable autonomy, resorting to a private company on-shore instead of off-shore.

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