In the final instalment of a major series of reports, delivered in a crucial decade in human history, the UN's climate advisory panel urged dramatic reductions in planet-heating emissions.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's key message is that while humanity has driven the planet to the precipice of climate catastrophe, there is still time to steer global temperatures to within relatively safe limits.
That will require enormous global effort.
"Rapid and far-reaching transitions across all sectors and systems are necessary to achieve deep and sustained emissions reductions and secure a liveable and sustainable future for all," said the report's "summary for policymakers".
Distilling the weight of scientific knowledge on climate change, the IPCC's work will form the basis of intense political and economic negotiations in the coming years, starting with the UN COP28 climate negotiations in Dubai later this year.
The 36-page summary -- a synthesis of six major reports since 2018 -- is a brutal reminder that while humanity has the tools to prevent climate catastrophe, it is still not putting them to use.
But it represents a "message of hope", the head of the IPCC told AFP.
"We have know-how, technology, tools, financial resources -- everything needed to overcome the climate problems we have known about for so long," Hoesung Lee said in a video interview.
"What's lacking at this point is a strong political will to resolve these issues once and for all."
- 'Betrayal' -
The IPCC said the world is currently set to reach 1.5C above pre-industrial levels -- the more ambitious and safer target of the Paris Agreement -- in the early 2030s, which will ratchet up the severity of impacts in the near future.
"The fact that the people in power still somehow live in denial, and actively move in the wrong direction, will eventually be seen for and understood as the unprecedented betrayal it is," climate activist Greta Thunberg told AFP.
At just under 1.2C of warming so far, the world today has already seen a crescendo of deadly and destructive extreme weather. The most vulnerable populations have already been hit hard.
"The warmest years we have experienced to date will be among the coolest within a generation," Friederike Otto, a climate scientist at Imperial College London and lead author of the report, told AFP.
The benefits to society and the world economy of capping global warming under 2C outweigh economic costs, the IPCC said.
Breaching 1.5C could signal extinctions on land and in the oceans, crop failures and an increasing possibility of reaching so-called "tipping points" in the climate system, including the death of biodiversity-rich coral reefs and faster melting of the polar ice sheets feeding sea level rise.
- 'On thin ice' -
In response to the report, UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres said wealthy countries aiming for carbon neutrality in 2050 or beyond should speed up their goal to as close as possible to 2040 in order to "defuse the climate time bomb."
"Humanity is on thin ice -- and that ice is melting fast," he said in a video message, likening the IPCC report to "a survival guide for humanity".
The report comes as the world has scrambled to shore up energy security following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, with countries in Europe and Asia turning to heavily polluting coal, even as renewables rise.
One of the fastest transformations will need to be in energy, the report said, with solar and wind power already increasing dramatically.
But greenhouse gas emissions from existing fossil fuel infrastructure will be enough to push the world beyond 1.5C, absent the use of costly and emerging technology to capture and store the carbon pollution, the IPCC said.
While the underlying IPCC reports are compiled by scientists, the summary document is agreed by governments from nearly 200 countries.
Week-long negotiations on that text in Interlaken, Switzerland -- which went two full days into overtime -- were bogged down by fights over language.
According to observers, negotiators from Saudi Arabia in particular tried to dilute passages that emphasised the central role of fossil fuels in driving global warming.
Even if warming is capped at 1.8C -- an optimistic scenario, according to some scientists -- half of humanity could be exposed to periods of life-threatening extreme heat and humidity by 2100, according to research.
In the synthesis report, these findings are shown in a world map of projected deadly impacts of humid heat across the tropics, especially in Southeast Asia, parts of Brazil and West Africa.
'Window narrowing' to meet 1.5C goal: senior UN climate official
Copenhagen (AFP) March 20, 2023 - A UN report on climate change released on Monday shows that the window to meet the goal of a 1.5-degree Celsius global warming limit is narrowing, a senior UN climate official told AFP.
The report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warned that the world will cross this key global warming limit in about a decade.
It "sets out in very, very stark terms where we are, but it also signals that there is still an opportunity with significant global effort to meet that 1.5 goal," Simon Stiell, head of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), told AFP in Copenhagen.
"That window is narrowing, but the window is still there," he said, adding that "everyone" should work to fight global warming.
"To be more specific, we know that 80 percent of emissions are generated within the G20. That is the very, very clear starting point.
"They have 85 percent of global GDP. So the technology, the financial capacity to address the crisis resides there."
'Time bomb': World reacts to UN climate warning
Paris (AFP) March 20, 2023 -
From leaders of islands threatened by rising seas to climate activists and diplomats, many of those reacting to Monday's UN report on climate change said it's a wake up call for world leaders.
The UN's climate panel warned the world is set to cross the key 1.5-degree Celsius global warming limit in about a decade, but noted it's not too late to take action.
Here are some key reactions:
- 'Climate time-bomb' -
"Today's IPCC report is a how-to guide to defuse the climate time-bomb. It is a survival guide for humanity. As it shows, the 1.5-degree limit is achievable," said United Nations Chief Antonio Guterres. "But it will take a quantum leap in climate action."
- 'More fragile than expected' -
"We humans and our societies are more fragile than we thought before. Many more people have lost their lives and livelihoods than originally thought," said Friederike Otto, climate scientist at Imperial College London and lead author of the UN's climate advisory panel report.
"There is no saving future technology that would allow us to just carry on as before. The warmest years we have experienced to date will be among the coolest within a generation."
- 'Unprecedented betrayal' -
"The fact that the people in power still somehow live in denial, and actively move in the wrong direction, will eventually be seen for and understood as the unprecedented betrayal it is," said Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg.
- 'We are very close' -
"What does this... tell us? It tells us that climate change is here, now. That climate change is a threat to human and planetary well-being, which are one and the same. That we are very close to the 1.5 degrees Celsius limit, and that even this limit is not safe for people and planet," said Inger Andersen, executive director of the UN Environment Programme.
- 'Climate breakdown' -
"It is a wake-up call for Africa and the world. Africans are experiencing the worst impacts of climate breakdown, from floods, storms and droughts," said Mohamed Adow of the think tank Power Shift Africa.
- Fossil fuel treaty -
"The IPCC notes that staying within a 1.5 degrees C temperature rise is only achievable with urgent action to phase out coal, oil and gas," said Ralph Regenvanu, climate change minister for Vanuatu.
"That's why my home country of Vanuatu was the first to endorse the call for a Fossil Fuel Treaty," he added.
- Developed world responsibility -
"Big emitting countries must... (increase) more significantly their financial obligations to the climate vulnerable states whose fortunes have been eroded by the effects of climate change - a situation created by the developed world," said Ghana's finance minister Ken Ofori-Atta.
- 'Concrete milestones' -
"This year's so-called global stocktake - a process under which countries assess progress towards the Paris goals - is a moment for countries to agree on the concrete milestones that will take us to our 2030 targets," said Simon Stiell, UN climate change executive secretary.
"This roadmap must include detailed steps for all sectors and themes," Stiell added.
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