Queen Elizabeth II on Monday called on world leaders to act together to tackle climate change at the end of the first day of the COP26 summit in Glasgow.

In a video message sent to the conference, she added her voice to a succession of world leaders stressing the urgency of the crisis.

But as the summit got under way, several observers said that so far, there had been more talk than action.

"If the world pollution situation is not critical at the moment, it is as certain as anything can be that the situation will become increasingly intolerable within a very short time...," said the queen.

"If we fail to cope with this challenge, all the other problems will pale into insignificance."

The 95-year-old monarch, who last month briefly visited a private hospital in London, skipped the event on doctor's advice.

But more than 120 heads of state and government gathered in Glasgow for the two-day event at the start of the UN's COP26 conference, which organisers say is crucial for charting humanity's path away from catastrophic global warming.

"It's one minute to midnight... and we need to act now," British Prime Minister Boris Johnson said at the start of an occasionally chaotic opening day.

- 'Digging our own graves' -

Monday's most anticipated address, from India's Narendra Modi, tempered the hype somewhat: the third largest emitter will only achieve net-zero by 2070.

COP26 is being billed as vital for the continued viability of the Paris Agreement, which countries signed in 2015 by promising to limit global temperature rises to "well below" two degrees Celsius, and to work for a safer 1.5C cap.

With a little over 1C of warming since the Industrial Revolution, Earth is being battered by ever more extreme heatwaves, flooding and tropical storms supercharged by rising seas.

US President Joe Biden, addressing delegates, described the current age of climate disaster as "an inflection point in world history".

Governments are under pressure to redouble their emissions-cutting commitments to bring them in line with the Paris goals, and to hand over long-promised cash to help developing nations green their grids and protect themselves against future disasters.

"It's time to say: enough," UN chief Antonio Guterres said.

"Enough of brutalising biodiversity. Enough of killing ourselves with carbon. Enough of burning and drilling and mining our way deeper. We are digging our own graves."

- 'We are watching' -

Thousands of delegates queued around the block to get into the summit on Monday, negotiating airport-style security in the locked-down city centre.

On nearby streets, protesters began lively demonstrations to keep up the pressure.

Swedish activist Greta Thunberg was among dozens of protesters who gathered in a nearby park, carrying banners with slogans like "We are watching".

They marched across the river to directly opposite the venue chanting "We are unstoppable, another world is possible!"

Johnson warned of the "uncontainable" public anger if the conference fell flat.

If the leaders "fluff our lines or miss our cue", generations as-yet unborn "will not forgive us", the prime minister said.

Biden apologised for his predecessor Donald Trump's decision to withdraw the US from the Paris deal.

Observers, however, were unimpressed with Monday's announcements.

"More is needed to turn words into action," said Thomas Damassa, Oxfam America's associate director for Climate Change.

"The US must work with other countries to secure a strong outcome that ratchets up emission reductions by major economies."

- No Xi, Putin -

The G20 including China, India and Western nations committed on Sunday to the Paris goal of limiting global warming to 1.5C.

They also agreed to end funding for new coal plants abroad without carbon capturing technology by the end of 2021.

But the precise pathway to 1.5C was left largely undefined.

Campaigners have expressed disappointment with the group, which collectively emits nearly 80 percent of global carbon emissions.

And there were a number of high-profile no-shows to the summit.

Neither Chinese President Xi Jinping -- who has not left his country during the Covid-19 pandemic -- nor Russia's Vladimir Putin will be in Glasgow.

Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison, condemned by campaigners last week for his country's "net-zero" plan, doubled down on a decarbonisation vision heavily reliant on future innovation.

"Technology will have the answers to a decarbonised economy, particularly over time," he said.

- Net-zero 2070 -

Most nations submitted their renewed emissions cutting plans -- known as "nationally determined contributions", or NDCs -- ahead of COP26.

But even these current commitments -- if met -- would still lead to a "catastrophic" warming of 2.7C, says the UN.

China, by far the world's biggest carbon polluter, has just submitted its revised climate plan, repeating a long-standing goal of peaking emissions by 2030.

Biden's national security adviser Jake Sullivan labelled Beijing among the "significant outliers".

China "will not be represented at leader level at COP26 and... has an obligation to step up to greater ambition as we go forward", he added.

India meanwhile has yet to submit a revised NDC, a requirement under the Paris deal.

Modi said his country would achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, and that 50 percent of its energy would come from renewable sources by 2030.

Rich countries have so far failed to provide the promised $100 billion annually to help climate-vulnerable nations adapt to climate change.

The goal -- meant to be delivered last year -- has been postponed to 2023, exacerbating tensions between richer nations, responsible for global warming, and those poorer countries suffering most from its effects.

'Digging our own graves': COP26 leaders told take climate action
Glasgow (AFP) Nov 1, 2021 - World leaders were told to help "save humanity" on Monday at the COP26 climate summit and warned that failure was "immoral" and would sow bitterness for generations.

Here is a selection of quotes from the leaders' gathering, which kicks off the UN conference in Glasgow:

Antonio Guterres

"It's time to say: enough," the UN Secretary-General said.

"Enough of brutalising biodiversity. Enough of killing ourselves with carbon. Enough of treating nature like a toilet. Enough of burning and drilling and mining our way deeper. We are digging our own graves."

He urged the delegates to: "Choose ambition. Choose solidarity. Choose to safeguard our future and save humanity."

Joe Biden

The US leader told the summit that he was sorry for his predecessor Donald Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement.

"I guess I shouldn't apologize but I do apologize for the fact that the United States in the last administration pulled out of the Paris Accords and put us sort of behind the eight ball a little bit," he said, noting that one of his first actions on taking office this January was to re-enter the accord.

"The United States is not only back at the table but hopefully leading by the power of example. I know that hasn't been the case and that's why my administration is working overtime," he said.

Boris Johnson

The British Prime Minister warned delegates of "uncontainable" public anger if the conference fails and said future generations "will not forgive us".

"They will know that Glasgow was the historic turning point when history failed to turn," he said.

"They will judge us with bitterness and with a resentment that eclipses any of the climate activists of today -- and they will be right."

Mia Mottley

The Barbados Prime Minister said failure to provide nations with the funds to protect themselves and adapt to climate change was "measured in lives and livelihoods in our communities".

"That my friends is immoral and it is unjust," she said.

"We want to exist in a hundred years from now. And if our existence is to mean anything, then we must act in the interest of all our people who are depending on us."

Greta Thunberg

The climate crusader poured cold water on the summit.

"Inside COP there are just politicians and people in power pretending to take our future seriously, pretending to take the present seriously of the people who are being affected already today by the climate crisis.

"Change is not going to come from inside there, that is not leadership," she said at a nearby protest.

Mario Draghi

The Italian prime minister, who has just hosted G20 leaders in Rome, said COP26 "must now go further" than that summit.

"COP26 must be the start of a new momentum, a quantum leap in our fight against climate change," he said.

Emmanuel Macron

France's president urged the "largest emitters" to use the two-week event to accelerate their carbon cutting plans.

"The key over the next 15 days at this COP, is that the largest emitters whose national strategies do not align with our objective of 1.5C of warming, to raise their ambition... that's the only way of making our strategy credible again," he said.

Prince Charles

"We need a vast military-style campaign to marshal the strength of the global private sector. With trillions at its disposal," the heir to the British throne said.

Sir David Attenborough

"Perhaps the fact that the people most affected by climate change are no longer some imaginary future generations but young people alive today... perhaps that will give us the impetus we need to rewrite our story, to turn this tragedy into a triumph."

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US to galvanize global 'ambition' on climate: officials
Glasgow (AFP) Nov 1, 2021
The United States is back to leading the world on fighting climate change and President Joe Biden will use a UN summit in Glasgow to energize partners, US officials said. Special climate envoy John Kerry told reporters ahead of Biden's arrival on Monday at the COP26 summit that the aim is "to leave Glasgow having raised global ambition very significantly and to be more on track to keep a 1.5 degrees within reach". Biden is set on Monday to address COP26, which is tasked with trying to maintain a ... read more